Two Reports about Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Two Reports about Research - Essay Example The objective of any research is pursuit for the truth, not popular conceptions. In fact, the whole idea and sole objective of a research is to penetrate the layers of myths and disintegrated notions scattered around about a particular subject and discover reality in the light of worked through well-researched content with due respect to data protection issue and other ethical practices. For a brief period, let us go ahead with a key assumption that one is free to take up a research assignment, bearing in mind that there is no data protection concepts involved in the exercise and all laws related to data privacy is temporarily abolished. Can we identify the steps in the pyramid above where research activity will be accelerated or hindered due to that relaxation While the readers are allowed some time to contemplate on that possibility, let us dwell on other relevant sources and strategies to gather data and briefly understand the impact of data protection, right from the bottom level in the pyramid. While most researchers are aware of the thin difference between methods and methodologies, reliability and validity of information, appropriate analysis and evaluation of data, data protection and ethical practices, results and conclusion - it is the their responsibility to ensure that the broader objective is not diluted in the multiple steps involved in research nor there is any compromise in the entire cycle. A general awareness of data protection needs in all spheres of life - beyond Universities, Corporate, Financial Institutions or wherever - will not only lead a researcher to have a better understanding about the hazards of not protecting data but also prepare him to value that aspect outside the premises of the current project. Once a researcher learns to appreciate data protection principles beyond definition, Act and Law, implementing good practice will be just as important as the authenticity of the report generated, by the end of the research. Identifying Scope of Research/ Problem Quoting an old proverb by Aristotle - "Well begun is half done". It is potentially important to acknowledge, that to obtain desired and realistic results of a research assignment, there is a definite need to have a defined framework. This might not necessarily be a tested or proven approach, however considering the complexity and magnitude of a research, the initial framework to drive all steps in an innovative manner has to be efficiently designed. It is the design that determines the strength of an analysis. There is one thing the researcher needs to have prior to working on the design - A problem. While some researchers are very clear about their needs for information when working towards their thesis or study project, some are quite confused and require information on what studies, topics and papers are available, on specific work in their particular zone of interest. They also might need advice on their proposal and an idea of how effective their findings would be. Some might even need an elaborate discussion on the overall framework and data sourcing. The

Humanistic and Psychodynamic Essay Example for Free

Humanistic and Psychodynamic Essay Abraham Harold Maslow- Humanistic Approach Humanistic is the psychology study of how the human works as a whole. This studies the uniqueness of the person through their behaviour. Rather than just observing the humans behaviour, humanistic psychologists try to study the humans behaviour first person rather than just observing. Meaning they try to understand the situation and the emotional feelings the person is going through for them to have that specific type of behaviour, they try to understand the behaviour of the person by looking at it from their perspective. Humanistic is a way of thinking and is an ability to solve our own personal problems. This meaning to focus on our own perspectives, experiences, thoughts, self-image and feelings to understand an individual. People can be capable of self-development and their own self-improvement. We have our own choices on what we choose to do and how we chose to take out this option. We chose how we want to behave and whether it’s right or wrong i.e. breaking the law. An individual chosen whether they want to break the law, knowing full well of the consequences. This is called free will; we have the right to choose what we want to do and how we want to behave. The court of law follows this principle because you know whether you have done right or wrong and there is no one to blame, except yourself, because you chose to behave that way. Abraham Harold Maslow was the first psychologist to create the ‘human hierarchy of needs’ which explains the different level that an individual has to move from throughout life. This hierarchy changes from one level to another and each level has its own specific needs. Most psychologist before Maslow had been concerned with the abnormal and the ill, he convinced and persuaded people to start acknowledging people’s basic needs before addressing them as having higher needs or being ill. Firstly on Maslow’s hierarchy he started with the basic needs of a person such as food, water, sleep etc. then lead to the physical needs of an individual. The highest needs of an individual are ‘self-actualization’ which is realising who you are as an individual and knowing your own moti vations. Not many people get to the self-actualization for many reasons, being that they didn’t get through the different levels of the hierarchy or because they think that they can skip the rest of the  levels, thinking that they know their own self-fulfilment etc. These hierarchies have five different levels of needs. Maslow’s level of human needs started with physiological which is basic survival, understanding the function of the living organism. Which is what an individual needs, their basic needs i.e. water, sleep, breathing and sex. Then safety which is basic need again and feeling secure. For example, freedom from danger, risks or injuries whether at employment, home or doing everyday activities. Love and belonging is the next need which is the emotional level/need. Meaning to understand what love is and what it feels like to belong, dependent on being part of a family or understanding what it is like to love through friendship or sexual relationships. Esteem is the fo urth need, which is respect and recognition. Understanding what your personal goals are in life and what you can achieve throughout life dependent on yourself respect and respect for one another. The final level is self-actualization which is what makes you who you are as an individual, realise your own potentials in life. Also, realising your own self-fulfilment and person growth from peak experiences. Everyone as an own personal desire to move up the hierarchy table towards self-actualization, although their progress is often disruptive by failing to meet the low level needs. As an example if someone doesn’t show love or feel loved then they won’t be able to succeed through the love and belonging section, if they’re brought up in an abusive home this would affect the low level safety so they would be decreasing in the levels. Only remarkable people are most likely to reach the highest level, self-actualization. Maslow’s theory was the best type of motivation for an individual, he proposed he hierar chy of needs in his paper â€Å"a theory of Human Motivation†. Hans J Eysenck and Otto Gross approach to Psychodynamic Hans is a psychologist famous for his work on intelligence and personality. Eysenck claims that Freudian theories can be falsified, also Gross claims that Freud’s theories are scientific but have been proven wrong so which he say is simply â€Å"bad science†. Psychoanalyst tends to only accept YAVIS patients for treatment, YAVIS means young, attractive, verbal, intelligent and successful. This is because YAVIS patients are more likely to recover rather than mentally unstable patients. When the criticism of frauds approach happened was because Gross and Freud were in a disagreement on the  subjects of repression, sublimation and perversion. The meaning of repression is to control and resist what you would want. Sublimation is doing things in an acceptable and respectful manner and perversion is far from normal for example being abnormal. They disagreed on Freud’s theory because they believe that the patients should be capable of feelings and having their freedom also they shouldn’t be forced to do something that they do not want to do. Both psychologists argued that Freud got too involved and attached with his patients because Freud was there 7 days a week. Sigmund Freud, Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology Freud was the founder of psychodynamic approach to psychology; this is because he created a new approach to understanding how the human works and the human individual personality. Freud’ theory was the conscious and unconscious mind, he believed that behaviour and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness. The three different levels are conscious mind, preconscious mind and unconscious mind. Conscious mind includes everything that we are aware, every single moment. Preconscious mind represents ordinary memory. Unconscious mind reservoirs our feelings, thoughts, urge and memories that are outside out conscious awareness. The theory of the conscious and unconscious mind is done to show our feelings, motives and decisions which are actually influenced by previous/past experiences, which are stored in the pre-conscious and instincts from the unconscious. Freud later made a structural model of the mind which was called ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. The ID, EGO and SUPEREGO link to the conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious mind. ID is the unconscious, EGO is the conscious and SUPEREGO is the pre-conscious and unconscious mind. Although these are not physical areas within the brain they’re the process of important mental functions. Explanation of each stage is; ID is driven by pleasure principles which strive us for immediate needs and desires, meaning that the person would be wanting things. Although the ID will try to resolve the tension created by pleasure. EGO and SUPEREGO, EGO is something that is developed through ID in the early stages of life, EGO is the component of your personality that deals with reality whereas SUPEREGO is developed a little later as it controls your guilt. For example, if someone wanted a  new pair of shoes ID would kick in because the desire to have them shoes would rise, whereas EGO would have to face reality and realise that you might not have the money to get the shoes then SUPEREGO controls the guilt so then you would start regretting buying the shoes if for instants a family relatives birthday was coming up and now you don’t have the money. EGO works on a reality principle meaning that it wants to please the ID but in a socially and realistic way, which some people deem as unacceptable. The reality principle contemplates the positive and negatives of an action depending on what it decides, it will either act upon the decision or completely abandon it. SUPEREGO is the basic rules and standards for good behaviour. The behaviours included would be those approved by parents and those in authority. The SUPEREGO goal is to improve and civilize our behaviour; it tries to supress all the unacceptable urges that come from the ID. Fraud’ theory claims that the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. Carl Ransom Rogers, Self-Actualization Again, the humanistic approach is how we look at an individual as a whole observing their behaviour and personality. Rogers was a psychotherapist, which is someone who treats people with mental disorders through psychology rather than medical means. After years of work, Rogers compiled the Self-actualization theory which is the realisation of fulfilment of one’s talents and potentials. Rogers says that people have two basic needs which are positive regard and self-worth. Positive regard is a sense of acceptance from other people and self-worth is feeling adequate. Our feelings of self-worth are important both to psychological health and we can achieve goals and ambitions in life to achieve self-actualization. Rogers’s theory is that the individual is responsible for their own happiness and should not look towards others for it. He believed that a person is born with the desire to be and achieve the best they possibly can. Rogers’s overall theory is about feeling good and mentally healthy therefore meaning a person is cable of resolving their own problems without looking towards others. His therapy was ineffective to those who were unconfident, unhappy and had a lack of self-esteem. So he studied on clients opposite to this, clients who were confident, happy and have a high level of self-esteem. His theory was known as ‘Rogerian Counselling’ which was only effective on healthy minded  people which means it did not work on mental and physically damaged clients this only increased emotional problems such as depression, also the theory was more successful on children and young people. The theory key was communication, if the client wasn’t fully communicating with Rogers it would not work, this proved the therapy ineffective to people with phobias. In conclusion Rogers theory of self-actualization teaches people to become self-sufficient upon their own actions rather than seeking it from other people. This proved that people naturally desire to be accepted regardless of what they do, however the majority of people will only accept them dependent on whether or not they want to. Rogers self-actualization tries to help people understand their full potential and what they can achieve, also seek happiness for themselves without looking towards others for it. His theory helps people become more happier about themselves rather than looking for acceptance and happiness from others.

The Internets Impact on Traditional Genres of Art :: Technology Computers Essays

The Internet's Impact on Traditional Genres of Art Data technology and computers are without a doubt already playing a major role in very many peoples’ lives and will probably do so far into the future. Every single day the little power-up sequence of turning a computer on happens millions of times all over the world, and is commonly more and more often followed by making the computer â€Å"go online† via the Internet and the World Wide Web. â€Å"In a few years men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face.† (Mayer 1999, p14). This dramatic statement is from an article written by two computer visionaries; Licklider and Robert Taylor as far back as in 1968. They realized in the 1960’s that people weren’t satisfied with just interacting with their computers. They wanted to use their computers to interact with other people. The rise of the personal computer by Apple and IBM introduced the rest of the world to computing. In the 1980’s PCs became a common fi xture in homes and offices, and the Internet and the World Wide Web started to kick of. People were using their computers as Licklider and Taylor had prophesized, as a medium to interact with other people. Today computers are - next to telephones and face-to-face conversations - without a doubt the most used medium for communication in industrialized countries. People send enormous amounts of emails every day, videoconferencing is getting more and more common and online chatting rooms and discussion forums are becoming increasingly more popular. Actually, according to www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm the amount of internet users worldwide 1st of September 2004, was as many as 800,040,498, as opposed to â€Å"only† 360,971,012 in 2000. A growth of no less than 121.6 %. So how is this impacting on traditional genres of art? As mentioned above the Internet is a very fast growing medium, also for interaction between people. This relatively new medium has not only created a lot of new types of occupations and businesses, it has also in many ways altered a number of the existing ones. This also applies within the field of art. As art has traditionally been thought of as something one can touch or view up close, like a painting or a sculpture, some find it hard to accept digital art to be a proper form of art. But as Shawn Olson – a former photojournalist and now the author of â€Å"Artistic Network creative arts† on the web - states; â€Å"I've heard people say that technology lessens the value of art.

Chemistry revision notes Essay

The oxidation state or oxidation number, is a value assigned to a chemical species which represents its actual or nominal electrical charge. The oxidation number in a free or uncombined element is zero. This means that, metallic magnesium has an oxidation number of zero, and chlorine in Cl2 form has an oxidation state of zero. For simple ionic compounds, the oxidation state of the single atom ions is simply the charge on the ions. In most compounds the oxidation number for hydrogen is +1 and for oxygen is -2. The exceptions include the hydrides (the oxidation state is -1) and the peroxides (the oxidation state for oxygen is -1). In the compounds, halides usually have the oxidation number -1. The sum of all the oxidation numbers in a compound have to be equal to zero. The sum of all the oxidation states in a complex ion is the same as the charge on the ion. Semiconductors A covalent element such as silicon or germanium which has a higher conductivity than that of a typical non-metal but a much lower conductivity than that of a metal is described as a semiconductor. Semiconductors are also referred to as metalloids and they occur at the division between metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table. Key facts : 1. The electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases with increasing temperature. 2: Doping pure crystals of silicon or germanium with certain other elements produces 2 types of semiconductors: n- type and p-type semiconductors. The addition of small quantities of certain substances to pure silicon greatly enhance its conductivity and makes possible the construction of electronic devices. This controlled addition of impurities is called ‘doping’. 1. doping pure silicon with phosphorus or arsenic (group 5 elements) these elements have 5 valence electrons, a few of the silicon atoms are replaced by P, As atoms — 1 electron is left over after the 4 bonds have been formed. The extra electron is free to conduct an electric current and the phosphorus-doped silicon becomes a conductor called n-type. B. doping with boron or aluminium (group 3 elements). By doping with an element having 3 valence electrons some of the silicon atoms are replaced by boron atoms, but because each boron has only 3 electrons, one of the four bonds to each boron atom has only 1 electron in it. We can think of this as a vacancy or hole in the bonding orbital. An electron from a neighbouring atom can move in to occupy this vacancy. As a result of this movement this type of conductor is called p-type. Superconductors 1. Superconductors are a special class of materials that have zero electrical resistance at temperatures near absolute zero. 2. Achieving temperatures near absolute zero is difficult and costly so application of superconduction at these temperatures is impractical. 3. Recently superconductors have been discovered which have zero resistance up to temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen- temperatures which are less costly to attain. 4. Superconductors may have a future applications in power transmission and electrically powered forms of transport.

Marion Sparg

Marion sparg Marion Sparg was one of the few white women to join Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the African National Congress during South Africa's apartheid era. A Sunday Times journalist, she was prompted into action after 32 ANC members and 19 civilians were killed by the South African Defence Force in an attack on Maseru, Lesotho.She would spend the years between 1981 and 1986 in exile where she received training in guerrilla warfare and worked in the ANC's Communication Department on a publication named Voice of Women and thereafter joined the Special Operations Division of Umkhonto We Sizwe In 1986 she was sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment on charges of treason, arson and attempted arson. Pleading guilty to all charges, she admitted planting and exploding limpet mines at Johannesburg's notorious police headquarters, John Vorster Square, and also at Cambridge Police Station in East LondonFollowing the unbanning of the ANC, she was released in 1991 at the same time a s fellow treason prisoners Damian de Lange and Iain Robertson, shortly after which she was nominated to the ANC delegation that participated in an early round of CODESA, the multiparty negotiations that led to South Africa's first multi-racial elections in 1994. In the same year, at the age of 34, she was appointed deputy executive director of the Constitutional Assembly, the body that would draft South Africa's groundbreaking 1996 constitution. 1996 she was appointed Town Clerk of the Eastern Metropolitan sub-structure of the Lekoa- Vaal-metropole. [7] Three years later she became the Secretary to the National Council of Provinces (NCOP) and in 2000 joined the office of Bulelani Ngcuka where she became Chief Executive Officer of the National Prosecuting Authority and the accounting officer of the Directorate of Special Operations, commonly known as the Scorpions.In 2003, amidst a public spat between the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and Jacob Zuma, South Africa's then-disgra ced deputy president, anonymous letters were sent to the Public Service Commission (PSC) accusing Sparg, her deputy Beryl Simelane and integrity unit head Dipuo Mvelase (also Deputy Chairperson of the South African Communist Party) of tender-rigging, corruption and nepotism. The Commission found no criminal wrongdoing and referred the matter to the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development – the parent body of the NPA.The Department head instituted 30 charges against the three women. South Africa's Financial Mail would describe the allegations as ‘bizarre' after the charges were withdrawn at the formal disciplinary hearing, only to be reinstated two days later. They would be officially dropped in early 2007. In June 2007 she resigned from the NPA to take up employment in the private sector. Marion has since joined Draftfcb Social Marketing, a division of Draftfcb SA.

10 Phosphorus Facts (P or Atomic Number 15)

10 Phosphorus Facts (P or Atomic Number 15)   Phosphorus is element 15 on the periodic table, with the element symbol P. Because it is so chemically reactive, phosphorus is never found free in nature, yet you encounter this element in compounds and in your body. Here are 10 interesting facts about phosphorus: Fast Facts: Phosphorus Element Name: PhosphorusElement Symbol: PAtomic Number: 15Classification: Group 15; Pnictogen; NonmetalAppearance: Appearance depends on the allotrope. Phosphorus is a solid at room temperature. It may be white, yellow, red, violet, or black.Electron Configuration:  [Ne] 3s2  3p3Discovery: Recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier (1777), but officially discovered by Hennig Brand (1669). Interesting Phosphorus Facts Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand in Germany. Brand isolated phosphorus from urine. The discovery made Brand the first person to discover a new element. Other elements such as gold and iron were known before that, but no specific person found them.Brand called the new element cold fire because it glowed in the dark. The name of the element comes from the Greek word phosphoros, which means bringer of light. The form of phosphorus Brand discovered was white phosphorus, which reacts with oxygen in air to produce a green-white light. Although you might think the glow would be phosphorescence, phosphorus is chemiluminescent and not phosphorescent. Only the white allotrope or form of phosphorus glows in the dark.Some texts refer to phosphorus as the Devils Element because of its eerie glow, tendency to burst into flame, and because it was the 13th known element.Like other nonmetals, pure phosphorus assumes markedly different forms. There are at least five phosphorus allotro pes. In addition to white phosphorus, there is red, violet, and black phosphorus. Under ordinary conditions, red and white phosphorus are the most common forms. While the properties of phosphorus depend on the allotrope, they share common nonmetallic characteristics. Phosphorus is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, except black phosphorus. All types of phosphorus are solid at room temperature. The white form (sometimes called yellow phosphorus) resembles wax, the red and violet forms are noncrystalline solids, while the black allotrope resembles graphite in pencil lead. The pure element is reactive, so much so that the white form will ignite spontaneously in air. Phosphorus typically has an oxidation state of 3 or 5.Phosphorus is essential to living organisms. There are about 750 grams of phosphorus in the average adult. In the human body, its found in DNA, bones, and as an ion used for muscle contraction and nerve conduction. Pure phosphorus, however, can be deadly. White phosphorus, in particular, is associated with negative health effects. When matches were made using white phosphorus, a disease known as phossy jaw caused disfigura tion and death. Contact with white phosphorus can cause chemical burns. Red phosphorus is a safer alternative and is considered non-toxic. Natural phosphorus consists of one stable isotope, phosphorus-31. At least 23 isotopes of the element are known.The primary use of phosphorus is for fertilizer production. The element is also used in flares, safety matches, light-emitting diodes, and steel production. Phosphates are used in some detergents. Red phosphorus is also one of the chemicals used in illegal production of methamphetamines.According to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, phosphorus may have been brought to Earth by meteorites. The release of phosphorus compounds seen early in Earths history (yet not today) contributed to the conditions needed for the origin of life. Phosphorus is abundant in the Earths crust at a concentration of about 1050 parts per million, by weight.While its certainly possible to isolate phosphorus from urine or bone, today the element is isolated from phosphate-bearing minerals. Phosphorus is obtained from calcium phosphate by heating the rock in a furnace to yield tetraphosphorus vapor. The vapor is condensed into phosphorus under water to prevent ignition. Sources Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Ed.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.Hammond, C. R. (2000).  The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press.​Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.

Addition Rules in Probability and Statistics

Addition Rules in Probability and Statistics Addition rules are important in probability. These rules provide us with a way to calculate the probability of the event A or B, provided that we know the probability of A and the probability of B. Sometimes the or is replaced by U, the symbol from set theory that denotes the union of two sets. The precise addition rule to use is dependent upon whether event A and event B are mutually exclusive or not. Addition Rule for Mutually Exclusive Events If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of A or B is the sum of the probability of A and the probability of B.   We write this compactly as follows: P(A or B) P(A) P(B) Generalized Addition Rule for Any Two Events The above formula can be generalized for situations where events may not necessarily be mutually exclusive. For any two events A and B, the probability of A or B is the sum of the probability of A and the probability of B minus the shared probability of both A and B: P(A or B) P(A) P(B) - P(A and B) Sometimes the word and is replaced by ∠©, which is the symbol from set theory that denotes the intersection of two sets. The addition rule for mutually exclusive events is really a special case of the generalized rule. This is because if A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of both A and B is zero. Example #1 We will see examples of how to use these addition rules. Suppose that we draw a card from a well-shuffled standard deck of cards. We want to determine the probability that the card drawn is a two or a face card. The event a face card is drawn is mutually exclusive with the event a two is drawn, so we will simply need to add the probabilities of these two events together. There are a total of 12 face cards, and so the probability of drawing a face card is 12/52. There are four twos in the deck, and so the probability of drawing a two is 4/52. This means that the probability of drawing a two or a face card is 12/52 4/52 16/52. Example #2 Now suppose that we draw a card from a well-shuffled standard deck of cards. Now we want to determine the probability of drawing a red card or an ace. In this case, the two events are not mutually exclusive. The ace of hearts and the ace of diamonds are elements of the set of red cards and the set of aces. We consider three probabilities and then combine them using the generalized addition rule: The probability of drawing a red card is 26/52The probability of drawing an ace is 4/52The probability of drawing a red card and an ace is 2/52 This means that the probability of drawing a red card or an ace is 26/524/52 - 2/52 28/52.

Dwight D. Eisenhower - Biography

Dwight D. Eisenhower - Biography Dwight D. Eisenhowers Childhood and Education: Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890 in Denison, Texas. However, he moved as an infant to Abilene, Kansas. He grew up in a very poor family and worked throughout his youth to earn money. He attended local public schools and graduated from high school in 1909. He joined the military in order to gain a free college education. He went to the West Point from 1911-1915. He was commissioned a second lieutenant but continued his education in the military eventually attending the Army War College. Family Ties: Eisenhowers father was David Jacob Eisenhower, a mechanic and manager. His mother was Ida Elizabeth Stover who happened to be a deeply religious pacifist. He had five brothers. He married Marie Mamie Geneva Doud on July 1, 1916. She moved many times with her husband throughout his military career. Together they had one son, John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower.   Dwight D. Eisenhowers Military Service: Upon graduation, Eisenhower was assigned to be a second lieutenant in the infantry. During World War I, he was a training instructor and commander of a training center. He attended the Army War College and then joined General MacArthurs staff. In 1935 he went to the Philippines. He served in various executive positions before the start of World War II. After the war, he resigned and became the president of Columbia University. He was appointed by Harry S  Truman to be the Supreme Commander of NATO. World War II: At the start of World War II, Eisenhower was chief of staff to Commander General Walter Krueger. He was then promoted to brigadier general in 1941. In March 1942 he became a major general. In June, he was appointed commander of all U.S. forces in Europe. He was the commander of allied forces during the invasion of North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. He was then named Supreme Allied Commander in charge of the D-Day invasion. In December 1944 he was made a five-star general. Becoming the President: Eisenhower was chosen to run on the Republican ticket with Richard Nixon as his Vice President against Adlai Stevenson. Both candidates campaigned vigorously. The campaign dealt with Communism and governmental waste. However, more people voted for Ike leading to his victory with 55% of the popular vote and 442 electoral votes. He ran again in 1956 against Stevenson. One of the main issues was Eisenhowers health due to a recent heart attack. In the end he won with 57% of the vote. Events and Accomplishments of Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Presidency: Eisenhower traveled to Korea before he took office to help conclude the peace talks. By July 1953, an Armistice was signed that separated Korea into two with a demilitarized zone at the 38th parallel. The Cold War was raging while Eisenhower was in office. He began building up nuclear weapons to protect America and to warn the Soviet Union that the U.S. would retaliate if fired upon. When Fidel Castro took power in Cuba and then began relations with the Soviet Union, Eisenhower placed an embargo on the country. He was concerned about the Soviet involvement in Vietnam. He came up with the Domino Theory where he said that if the Soviet Union could topple one regime (like Vietnam), it would find it easier and easier to topple further regimes. Therefore, he was the first to send advisors to the region. He also created the Eisenhower Doctrine where he asserted that America had the right to aid any country threatened by Communist aggression. In 1954, Senator Joseph McCarthy who had been trying to reveal Communists in government fell from power when the Army-McCarthy hearings were televised.  Joseph N. Welch who represented the Army was able to show how out of control McCarthy had become.   In 1954, the Supreme Court decided in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 that schools should be desegregated. In 1957, Eisenhower had to send federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to safeguard black students enrolling for the first time in a previously all-white school. In 1960, a Civil Rights Act was passed to include sanctions against any local officials who blocked blacks from voting. The U-2 Spy Plane Incident occurred in 1960. On May 1, 1960, a U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers was brought down near Svedlovsk, Soviet Union. This event had a lasting negative impact on U.S. - U.S.S.R. relations. The details surrounding this event are to this day still shrouded in mystery. Eisenhower, however, defended the need for reconnaissance flights as necessary for national security. Post-Presidential Period: Eisenhower retired after his second term on January 20, 1961. He moved to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and wrote his autobiography and memoirs. He died on March 28, 1969 of congestive heart failure. Historical Significance: Eisenhower was president during the 50s, a time of relative peace (despite the  Korean Conflict) and prosperity. Eisenhowers willingness to sent federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas to ensure that local schools were desegregated was an important  step in the  Civil Rights movement.

Multiple Voices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiple Voices - Essay Example Lee: Language has changed drastically in the past ten years since the usage of internet has increased among students. I have made use of a case study of a teacher Jacqueline for the readers of my written pieces in order to make them understand the manner in which writing English language has changed. Students have started using shortcuts of words that they using while instant messaging of texting. Some of the common words that Jacqueline has marked during the correction session are U, 4u, abt etc. I have come across a difference in approach towards writing language. I have both Asians as well as natives in my classroom and they all seem to make mistakes i.e. using instant messaging and texting English language. I have even given an ultimatum to my students that if they will not stop using inappropriate English language then I will have to deduct their marks. I want my students to learn English in the best possible and academic manner because language is a way through which one may ju dge others (Ober). Tan: I would not agree more. Language has changed to a great extent. I must say that language is a very powerful tool within a society. It is no more an astonishing fact that language has rather become an element in relationships. I would present my mother’s experience here being an immigrant. Since we are not native English or Americans, my mother had trouble in speaking English. However, with the passage of time, she learnt her way to speak English language fluently. My mother made use of different television channels to learn English language as well as magazines. One fact that I noted all this time was that people judge others on the basis of manner in which others speak English language. My written pieces â€Å"Mother Tongue† is an evident example of the experiences that I and my mother had been through. People do not consider immigrants to be able to speak English really well despite the fact that they learn their way to speak English fluently. I would

Does leadership style effect how organisational change is implemented Essay

Does leadership style effect how organisational change is implemented - Essay Example s of organizational change with special reference to the change models of Lewin and Kotter, the importance of various leadership styles and how they effect organizational changes and focuses on the other factors that facilitate organizational changes. The methodology section of the paper makes use of the qualitative approach and the research design consists of the leadership style survey of Lewin which was conducted among the managers and CEOs of various organizations and a direct interview specially designed for the employees who served in various organizations. .The major themes derived out of the survey and the interviews are elaborately discussed and analyzed in Chapter 4. The conclusions of the study show that leadership styles do affect how organizational change is implemented and prove that it is the democratic or participative approach to leadership style that best suits during organizational changes. The results of the study are equally beneficial to the managers as well as the work force in the whole of management scenario. The following chapter details the aim of this research project and gives an insight into the concepts of organizational change, leadership styles and how leadership styles affect how organizational changes are implemented. An overview of the topic as well as the justification for the topic is also dealt with. . The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the correlation between various leadership styles and how organisational change is implemented under each of them. Therefore, the general research question is, â€Å"Does leadership style effect how organisational change is implemented?† The paper also tries to explore how different leadership styles de-motivate or motivate staff, and how employees respond to organizational changes under various leadership styles. The primary purpose of the paper is to identify which of the leadership styles best suit organizations during organizational change. The research topic is organizational

Alternative Fuel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alternative Fuel - Essay Example For example, smog can cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, and carbon monoxide can inhibit the ability of a person's blood to carry oxygen to vital organs. The average vehicle, through its combustion of fossil fuels, also emits greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, and chlorofluorocarbons surround the Earth's atmosphere like a clear thermal blanket, allowing the sun's warming rays in and trapping the heat close to the Earth's surface. This natural greenhouse effect keeps the average surface temperature at around 60F (33C). However, the increased use of fossil fuels during the last century has created an enhanced greenhouse effect, known as global warming. And transportation has played a large role in this increase. During the 1990s, the annual growth rate of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from transportation averaged 1.6 percent. In 1999, some 82 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions consisted of carbon dioxide released by the combustion of energy fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates (Durbin et al, 2000) that each year the average light vehicle in the United States releases 10,000 pounds of carbon dioxide into the air. Motor gasoline contributed close to 300 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, making it the largest single source of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions. By reducing vehicle emissions, AFVs and advanced vehicle technologies help combat both air pollution and global climate change. Alternative fuels not only burn cleaner producing lower emissions, but some are even renewable, unlike fossil fuels, which means we could develop a continuous supply of them. The alternative fuels in use today include ethanol, biodiesel, methanol, natural gas, propane, electrici ty, and hydrogen. Biofuels are renewable since they are produced from biomass i.e. organic matter, such as plants. They generate about the same amount of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) from the tailpipe as fossil fuels, but the plants that are grown to produce the biofuels actually remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (ERCL, 1999). Therefore, the net emission of carbon dioxide will be close to zero. Diesel engines can function efficiently with biodiesel, a fuel made from vegetable oil. A combination of vegetable oil and diesel fuel produce fewer emissions than straight diesel. Commercially available biodiesel is offered in blends of 5% vegetable oil to 95% diesel (B5), 10% to 90% (B10) and 20% to 80% (B20). Consumers can have their diesel engines converted for around 800 dollars-to run on 100% vegetable oil (Anthony & Cornish, 2001). The oil produces no harmful emissions and the cost can be nominal or free since many consumers get used vegetable oil from fast food restaurants, but consumers mu st filter their used oil, which is complicated and the equipment is costly. In addition, buying pure vegetable oil can cost more than straight diesel fuel. Fuel consumption for vegetable oil is similar to diesel, which gets 20 to 30 percent better mileage than gasoline (ERCL, 1999). Emissions are much less toxic than those from gasoline, and its carbon neutral because the carbon dioxide absorbed by the plant from which the oil is derived offsets CO2 generated when it is used as fuel. With the increasing popularity of vegetable oil as a motor fuel,

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Argument - Essay Example This argument is evident from the existence of procedures such as parole where an individual who has not finished their sentence in its entirety is evaluated to determine whether they have learnt from their mistakes and if it is established that they have, they are released earlier than the determined date with external supervision However, society does not treat ex felons like the prison system works as it is intended by doing such things as taking away their voting rights. It can be said that by doing this the government is expressing its lack of faith in the correctional system they have set up for if one has truly learnt from their mistakes and has become a better person should they to be allowed to vote? The fact that they are expected to do fulfill other obligations such as pay their taxes but they are not allowed to choose the leaders of their country also demonstrates a level of unfair treatment of these ex-felons (Kevin). Once a felon is released after serving their term it is said that they have paid their debt to society and thus they should be given the same rights as any other citizen in the country, this includes the right to vote. Denying ex-felons this right also demonstrates a level of stigmatization as well as they are cast aside from a process that everyone else of legal age is able to participate in. This shows a lack of trust in them and treating them as if they are different from everyone else does not help in the effort to reintegrate them into society, which is what the government claims are their intentions after their release. There is also the simple argument that just because someone has gone to prison does not mean that they are no longer able to determine who they think should lead their country (Kevin). Treating ex-felons like they are no longer part of the country which is essentially what is being done when they are denied

Hitler's Mein Kampf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hitler's Mein Kampf - Essay Example It later became part of Hitler's propaganda, a psychologically powerful technique used to draw support from and control the behavior of the "irrational" masses. In his view of society, Hitler puts the Aryan race at the top of the human ladder, branding them as the "master" or superior race. The Aryan culture is described as enlightened, since he maintains that this ethnic group is the source of all genius, knowledge and cultural and scientific development. As "culture-founders", the Aryans are responsible for or have influence over the development of other cultures; Aryans are referred to as "the founders of mankind". Other races are referred to as "lesser" or inferior races. As such, their cultures are not dominant, original or unique, simply a mere imitation of Aryan culture (the core) with external features or characteristics (the execution) that are particular to that other race. Therefore, other races are referred to as "culture-bearers": the creativity, inspiration and originality of their culture is due to foreign influences and, when the original creative race nucleus (the cultural driving force) is lost, culture stiffens, cultural development stops and, according to his own words, "darkness will again fall upon the earth [] and the world would turn into a desert." 2 Hitler also describes Aryan supremacy as "fate". ... He states that Aryans, as the master race, cannot avoid their role as supporters or developers of other human cultures since leadership is part of their genetic makeup. In this statement he implies some form of "divine" intervention, the influence of some external force that has chosen Aryans as the supreme race to rule the world. Interestingly, Hitler admits the crucial role that other races play in cultural and scientific development. While Aryans' special abilities make them adapt to all conditions and drive development forward, the presence of other races is instrumental in this development as human auxiliary forces, as part of the machinery. Without the help of the lesser men, Aryans would never have been able to achieve this higher culture. Inferior people, like animals, replace the lack of technical means. Similarly to animals, lesser races need to be tamed and trained to complete certain tasks, which in turn allows Aryans to develop techniques and procedures that substitute or replace them. He concludes that, once the lesser races have fulfilled their role and are no longer required, they can be eliminated, they may "go". In this view of culture and society, Hitler places other races and their contribution below those of animals. He explains that lesser people fulfilled their role as "forces" before animals did for the development of the first culture known to man. However, in their role as masters and propagators of culture, Aryans made one error: they spared the lives of those individuals they had enslaved and gave them a better fate than the rest of the subjects from his pack, they gave them "freedom". However, the subjected inferior races began to rise as they approached their masters linguistically and intellectually and the differences

Lesson plan on critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lesson plan on critique - Assignment Example Moreover, the activities listed in the lesson plan maximize the engagement of the students and assess the mastery of objectives by the students â€Å"Students are provided this time to begin reading the text and prepare questions†. Variety of activities that are in the lesson plan are all addressed to different styles of learning as well as providing enough time for the instructions â€Å"Students will watch this short five-minute extract from a documentary†. The lesson plan provides a clear evidence of insufficient, minimum information to the students and planning that is poor. To start with, the lesson plan lacks activities that are appropriate to reach the objectives concerning the lessons actual content. The lesson plan also has failed to provide enough time for learning to give more time for instruction versus the student’s independent learning and practice. There are insufficient ways of student’s assessment of the mastery of the objectives, and there are no questions listed that the teacher can use to elicit the attention and test the understanding of the students. The references and the sources of information’s are not listed adequately. The students assessment should be immediate and not done come the following day as outlined in the lesson

Hitler's Mein Kampf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hitler's Mein Kampf - Essay Example It later became part of Hitler's propaganda, a psychologically powerful technique used to draw support from and control the behavior of the "irrational" masses. In his view of society, Hitler puts the Aryan race at the top of the human ladder, branding them as the "master" or superior race. The Aryan culture is described as enlightened, since he maintains that this ethnic group is the source of all genius, knowledge and cultural and scientific development. As "culture-founders", the Aryans are responsible for or have influence over the development of other cultures; Aryans are referred to as "the founders of mankind". Other races are referred to as "lesser" or inferior races. As such, their cultures are not dominant, original or unique, simply a mere imitation of Aryan culture (the core) with external features or characteristics (the execution) that are particular to that other race. Therefore, other races are referred to as "culture-bearers": the creativity, inspiration and originality of their culture is due to foreign influences and, when the original creative race nucleus (the cultural driving force) is lost, culture stiffens, cultural development stops and, according to his own words, "darkness will again fall upon the earth [] and the world would turn into a desert." 2 Hitler also describes Aryan supremacy as "fate". ... He states that Aryans, as the master race, cannot avoid their role as supporters or developers of other human cultures since leadership is part of their genetic makeup. In this statement he implies some form of "divine" intervention, the influence of some external force that has chosen Aryans as the supreme race to rule the world. Interestingly, Hitler admits the crucial role that other races play in cultural and scientific development. While Aryans' special abilities make them adapt to all conditions and drive development forward, the presence of other races is instrumental in this development as human auxiliary forces, as part of the machinery. Without the help of the lesser men, Aryans would never have been able to achieve this higher culture. Inferior people, like animals, replace the lack of technical means. Similarly to animals, lesser races need to be tamed and trained to complete certain tasks, which in turn allows Aryans to develop techniques and procedures that substitute or replace them. He concludes that, once the lesser races have fulfilled their role and are no longer required, they can be eliminated, they may "go". In this view of culture and society, Hitler places other races and their contribution below those of animals. He explains that lesser people fulfilled their role as "forces" before animals did for the development of the first culture known to man. However, in their role as masters and propagators of culture, Aryans made one error: they spared the lives of those individuals they had enslaved and gave them a better fate than the rest of the subjects from his pack, they gave them "freedom". However, the subjected inferior races began to rise as they approached their masters linguistically and intellectually and the differences

Project management for business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project management for business - Essay Example A positive variance is considered good because it indicates that the project is under budget and is ahead of the pre-defined project schedule. Positive variances are useful in re allocating resources and capital from the positive variance tasks to the tasks having negative variance so as to maintain adequate balance and consistency in the project. The opposite happens for negative variances. Two key ratios are used in the earning value analysis. These are Cost Performance Index (CPI) and the SPI. An index of more than 1 is consider good as it indicates that the project is under budget and is age had of the fixed schedule (Philipson and Antvik, 2009). The opposite goes for a performance index lower than 1. The report discusses the importance of project role, process responsibilities and stakeholder management with respect to a prestigious project of the government of the United Kingdom which is the National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) of National Health Service (NHS). The report identifies the key reasons of the management of the project which led to the subsequent failure of the project. The report is structured with a background given on the relevant project, a discussion of the key factors affecting the project and suitable recommendations given in order to establish how the project can be sufficiently improved. The National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) is an important systems project started by the government of United Kingdom. The project has been criticised due to the huge number of loopholes that have been identified on the project structure and the key aspects of project management. Project roles, responsibilities and stakeholder management are key aspects which decide the success or failure of a project. Therefore, the following report is prepared with the view of identifying these key aspects of the National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) and

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Example for Free

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Looking closely at the characters and language in Romeo and Juliet, analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1954, although the basic plot can be traced back as early as the third century. In the play, Shakespeare relies heavily on the poem The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke. Most of the people in the Elizabethan era were perceptive enough to concentrate on how the play was being performed and engaged themselves in the language the characters were using. Shakespeares audiences had different expectations towards his play, as many of them recognised the story already, they were settled enough to watch it providing the dramatists interpretation proved to be unique and original. I have been looking closely at Act 3, Scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet have just been secretly married. The scene opens with the two lovers having to part quickly after the Nurse informs Juliet her mother is swiftly approaching. Already a dramatic atmosphere is created, the audience is almost waiting for Romeo and Juliet to be caught out, this they know can simply not happen. Juliet is understandably tearful; Romeo is sympathetic towards her, showing he really cares for her: I will omit no opportunity That will convey my greetings, love, to thee All this is in comparison to later scenes in the play showing Juliet solitary and unsupported. Between the two lovers, there is a great difference, Romeo appears more optimistic than Juliet who is full of fear, sensing premonitions of her next seeing Romeo dead in a tomb. Her premonitions affect the audience, making them apprehensive and tense: O God, I have an ill- divining soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. The audience hears these harsh, severe words and are reminded of Romeos earlier startling premonition that he would die young: . My mind misgives Some consequence not yet hanging in the stars.. By come vile forfeit of untimely death. A chilling effect is created on those viewing the play as they start to realise and understand the significance of the two premonitions. By looking back into earlier scenes, dramatic effectiveness is created. Juliet uses language that shows how she is fearful of how her life with Romeo could easily be destroyed. She speaks to him strongly, showing a strong contrast to her soft words used previously. The strong bond that has been created between the two lovers before the audiences eyes is momentarily going to be destroyed; tension is created as an aftermath of this feeling. This tension carries on and becomes hugely greater as the news of County Paris proposal is first heard of. The audience watch, already aware of the proposal, as the news is given to an extremely shocked Juliet. They wait anxiously for Juliets sake as she learns of it, and so a dramatic effectiveness is cast over them. The scene is made effective by the use of irony from Lady Capulet. As Lady Capulet refers to her joyful tidings and Juliets response is ironically a pleased one: And joy comes well in such a needy time But then the audience sees the real reason of Lady Capulets announcement and the hesitation of the crucial words proves to be highly dramatic, Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride Juliets intense anger would make great drama on stage, she shows her raging reaction well: Now by Saint Peters church and Peter too He shall not make me there a joyful bride! Juliets response shows exactly how she is feeling about the matter; she does not hold back at all. The audience knows the dilemma she is facing, one of bigamy, they are deeply involved and show much needed sympathy to Juliet. In the conversation that follows the cold and sharp language both Juliet and her mother used are very effective. Both sides address each other very formally, Juliet calling Lady Capulet, My Lady, Mother where Lady Capulet calls Juliet girl and child. This doesnt seem to be the language one would expect from a close knit and loving family. This could lead to the conclusion that Juliets relationship is far from the relationship she has with Romeo; a loving and stable one. When Lord Capulet enters Juliets room, it proves to be a significantly dramatic scene because of the violence and fury portrayed by Lord Capulet. He arrives in her room in a threatening manner; his wife shows fear warning us to expect the worst, Here comes your father. Tell him so yourself And see how he will take it at your hands. Lord Capulet does not expect Juliet to disobey him, he would simply expect grateful thanks and obedience from his daughter. He portrays himself as someone who is used to getting his own way and the way that he regards himself as royalty emphasises to his huge ego and elevated formal language,Have you delivered to our decree? He shows great enthusiasm as he enters Juliets room, he seems delighted with his plan and congratulates himself on stage. Being the only man on stage, he is showing domination and the audience can see that he likes to be in control. He makes the women afraid; his centre role on stage shows this. The language that he uses is indeed very dramatic and effective. He poses questions to Juliet, being sharp and short when he does so showing how bewildered he is, and he vociferously attacks his daughter overwhelming her with numerous with numerous questions which she does not have time to answer, How? Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? Capulets sentence construction is cleverly disjointed emphasising greatly on his anger that is building up rapidly. He shows more of an interest in finding a way to answer Juliets questions and his concern is more about his cleverness than the distress of his only daughter. He uses aggressive terms to Juliet, you greensickness carrion, young baggage, both examples are very aggressive and devegiating.

The Characteristics Of Culture Theology Religion Essay

The Characteristics Of Culture Theology Religion Essay Biologically speaking, we humans are social beings. We need our parents to be born, and once that happens; even though we are considered single individuals with a brain and mind that let us think and learn, we do not isolate ourselves from the rest of the people. On the contrary, all we do is to follow our peers. We gather in groups, and these groups constitute subgroups again. This is the basic method we follow to successfully organise and build up our social structure to satisfy our several needs. The first of these groups is our family, and from here we span to neighbourhoods; communities of different kinds, that we joined based on a particular interest, such as: religious, sports, academic, musical, labour, political, ideological, etc. These groups grow in number to form states and then countries or nations. All these people together establish a society. Societies differ from one another and every single one of them is unique, particular and characterised for a distinctive feature that we call culture. Culture is that complex absoluteness that we learn day by day. It is everything with which we fill and give sense to our existence. The way we wear, think, believe, act, speak, perceive are all framed and shaped by the ideas, concepts, values that are part of a specific culture. Through culture we learn to adapt ourselves in this physical world, manipulating the available resources for our own welfare and we also shape our behaviour to avoid a social chaos. Concepts of Culture Culture is neither natural nor artificial. It stems from neither genetics nor rational thought, for it is made up of rules of conduct, which were not invented and whose function is generally not understood by the people who obey them. Some of these rules are residues of traditions acquired in the different types of social structure through which each human group has passed. Other rules have been consciously accepted or modified for the sake of specific goals. Yet there is no doubt that, between the instincts inherited from our genotype and the rules inspired by reason, the mass of unconscious rules remains more important and more effective; because reason itself is a product rather than a cause of cultural evolution. Claude LÃ ©vi-Strauss, 1983. Culture means the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the human race and is successively learnt by each generation. A culture is less precise. It can mean the forms of traditional behavior which are characteristic of a given society, or of a group of societies, or of a certain race, or of a certain area, or of a certain period of time. Margaret Mead, 1937. Culture is the integral whole consisting of implements and consumers goods, of constitutional charters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and customs. Whether we consider a very simple or primitive culture or an extremely complex and developed one, we are confronted by a vast apparatus, partly material, partly human, and partly spiritual, by which man is able to cope with the concrete specific problems that face him. Bronislaw Malinowski, 1944. Culture embraces all the manifestations of social behavior of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the groups in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits. Franz Boas, 1930. Characteristics of Culture Culture is learnt: as soon as we are in contact with other members of our culture, we start learning all about it; therefore, we can assume that culture is learnt rather than inherited biologically. A human being will learn the culture of the society where he is raised; thus, a person that is born in Australia would not practise the same culture if he had been born in Poland. In this context we are different from animals since they are biologically built in a way that they will know how to behave and act naturally even if they grew in isolation. Culture is shared: if culture is learnt, we can state that it is also shared. We share all knowledge among the members of the same society. This way we pass on the standards of our culture along years keeping it alive. As we are social beings, we have a high tendency of sharing and this feature let us improve as a whole. By sharing we provide the necessary tools that are used for a gentle adaptation in all stages and environments we go through in our lives. Culture is integrated: culture itself is not a single unit. It is a complex whole in which every feature that characterizes it has an important role that makes that culture distinctive and peculiar. All these features function integrated and not separately from one another. This way when a feature changes, it affects to the whole system making it also swift. Culture is dynamic: there are some reasons such as: population growth, technological innovation, environmental crisis, intrusion of outsiders, modification of behaviour, etc; that have made cultures change. That is why cultures must be flexible and dynamic in order to adapt constantly to the new changes and avoid repression of his members. Culture is based on symbols: culture has been transmitted among its members along the years through a set of different symbols. Symbols are then the instrument used to pass on culture and keep it alive from generation to generation, and language is the most important one. Functions of Culture According to Bronislaw Malinowski (1884 1942) the function of culture is to fulfill certain biological and psychological needs people share. Cultures are expected to fulfill certain functions in order to lead a society successfully and some of them might me: Guarantee the biological continuity of its members. Provide practical means to pass on knowledge among members. Meet the psychological and emotional needs of its members. Being flexible enough in order to survive the increasing shifting conditions. Offer strategies for the rational production and distribution of goods and services considered necessary for life. Provide an organised and diverse social structure so that all its members can fit in it and also understand the world in their own means. Facilitate social interactions among its members and offer reasonable ways to avoid or resolve conflicts that might rise within the group as well as with outsiders. Allow human beings to adapt the environment to their own purposes. Social interactions do not refer to only relationships among human beings but also and deeply with nature. The survival of all cultures depends on the way they use and treat nature. A well-working culture is the one that satisfies the different groups within the society as equally as possible; thus, its individual members can all have access to the resources available in the community and achieve their personal and collective goals. This will avoid the members to feel unsafe and unattached; therefore, they will not easily fall into anti-social behaviours, such as: violence, crime, suicide, depression, abuse of drugs, etc. Enculturation and Acculturation Every single culture is learnt by their members and transmitted from person to person and from generation to generation to avoid its absolute disappearance. The most important instrument used to carry this out is language. The process of passing on knowledge among people is what we call enculturation. This process is vital to guarantee the survival of the culture, but it is also significant to do it in the most smoothly manner to avoid any disruption among members and also among the features of the culture being transmitted. Enculturation let us understand the past so that we can make a better sense of the present and therefore plan a more sustainable future for the welfare of our species. This process also gives us the opportunity to find out more about ourselves; our ancestors and origin; where the way we think and perceive the world, our values and beliefs come from. When enculturation is carried out in the proper manner, the members of all cultures grow up closer to their past, revitalizing the core values that make their cultures unique and distinct from all others. They also grow up in an environment characterized by the deep pride of belonging to one particular culture and behave with strong ideas of maintaining their culture alive; albeit the irrevocable changes they must go through. There is also another phenomenon that cultures might experience, consisting on the absorption of one culture over another one, called acculturation. This usually happens when industrialized or capital societies influence highly over traditional small societies to the point of modifying them completely. Once they are in contact, the former shapes and converts the latter one. The small society adopts the culture of the powerful one as the final outcome. This process is similar to that of colonization. It is especially more noticeable now that we live in a globalized world; where the small societies are usually the most affected ones. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism There is generally a bad habit of criticising other peoples behaviour but most of all to judge the way other cultures function. When we find ourselves interacting with people from other cultures, or simply see it on the media; we get surprised by the different manners they behave, think and express in similar situations. There is nothing wrong with comparing cultures, in fact, this way we learn more about others and value ours, too. We must keep in mind that when comparing, we should adopt an unbiased position in order to understand the best way possible why other people do things in the way they do, and avoid unsupported preconceptions. The term that refers to what it is mentioned in the paragraph above is ethnocentrism: the belief that the way that ones own culture functions is the only proper and correct one, while all others are wrong. In order to avoid making fast judgements or simply incorrect conclusions; anthropologists, when studying cultures, always put into practice what they call cultural relativism which is the idea that we must suspend or postpone judgement of other peoples practices until we acquire a full understanding of the culture in which we are interested; so as to understand them in their own cultural terms. It is important to clarify that in this process what it is done is to put off ones judgement towards another culture, it is neither precipitated nor cancelled. Through cultural relativism it is possible to hold our judgements and perceptions about the culture being observed to the last stage; in order to take down accurate data and keep valid records; furthermore, avoid preconceptions influenced by ethnocentrism. Conclusion Along history not only humans have changed, but also the way we live. In our search for a better and more comfortable world for us to inhabit; we have made an irrational and abusive use of natural resources. We have damaged nature to such extreme points to threaten our own survival. Most of the societies around the world, influenced by the western fashion have turned into very consumerist ones; the ideas and values that used to grasp societies together are now stirring political discomfort and creating social inequality because the leaders and members of our societies are more tented to achieve personal and individual profits at any cost to work collectively so that every member can accomplish his personal and collective needs. The process of changing is unstoppable; everything needs to keep changing constantly to stay alive; therefore a culture that does not adjust its features simple disappears. The most important affected feature of a culture is its language. Language is that particular faculty that differentiates us from animals and makes us a unique and rational species. Through language we humans are able to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas and most importantly to transmit our culture from one generation into another one, assuring its survival along years. Many languages have already disappeared, mainly as a result of the process of acculturation; and with the languages, also ways of thinking, expressing, seeing, perceiving are gone. This way the world becomes small and intrinsic, losing authenticity and variety provided for the distinct and diverse manners of receiving, understanding, analyzing, shaping and living this world. For a culture to survive is not enough to shift. It should do it in a way that it can guarantee that its members will satisfy their biological and social needs; thus, the whole society will feel competent and safe; therefore, it will behave proudly and mutually to keep it alive.

Taser Technology Essay -- Law Enforcement Weapons

Taser Technology For years law enforcement has been searching for more effective less lethal options to apprehend suspects. One of the newest technologies available is the Taser, also known by industry standards as an electronic controlled device (ECD). The Taser uses electricity to override the central nervous system, an effect referred to as â€Å"neuro-muscular incapacitation (NMI), to cause temporary incapacitation to allow officers to gain control of a subject. Electronic controlled devices basically use high voltage, low wattage electrical charges to induce involuntary muscle contractions that cause a subject to be temporarily incapacitated. The weapon system is designed to fire two probes, or darts, that are attached to insulated wires. When the probes make contact with a person, the Taser will produce 50,000 volts of electricity, but only .0021 amps. According to Taser International, Inc. â€Å"it is not the volts that are dangerous it is the amps.† Volts are simply the rate the electricity is moving, but amps are the measure of current in the electricity. Taser International (2006) In 1993, two brothers, Rick and Tom Smith along, with Taser inventor Jack Cover, began working together on a non-lethal self-defense device. In 1994, they developed a non-firearm version of the Taser. This original Taser was known as a â€Å"stun† system, which used electricity to jam the central nervous system with electrical noise. This system used approximately five to fifteen watts of power and was more of a pain compliance device rather than overriding the central nervous system. Two serious issues occurred with these â€Å"stun† systems: The officer had to be up close to make contact with the subject; and since it was a pain compliance device... ... Batons also tear skin, break bones and require officers to get up close to subjects to apprehend them. The Taser has a more effective rate than other less lethal options with less chance of injury to all involved. References Amnesty International (2007) Amnesty International. (2007). USA: Amnesty International's concerns about Taser use: Statement to the US Justice Department inquiry into deaths in custody. doi:AMR 51/151/2007 Taser International (2006). Instructor Certification Lesson Plan (Version 13.0 ed., Rev.). Scottsdale, Arizona: Taser International. Vilke, G. M., Sloane, C., Levin, S., Neuman, T., Castillo, E., & Chan, Tc. (2008, January). Twelve-lead electrocardiogram monitoring of subjects before and after voluntary exposure to the Taser X26. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18082773?dopt=Citation Taser International (2006) Taser Technology Essay -- Law Enforcement Weapons Taser Technology For years law enforcement has been searching for more effective less lethal options to apprehend suspects. One of the newest technologies available is the Taser, also known by industry standards as an electronic controlled device (ECD). The Taser uses electricity to override the central nervous system, an effect referred to as â€Å"neuro-muscular incapacitation (NMI), to cause temporary incapacitation to allow officers to gain control of a subject. Electronic controlled devices basically use high voltage, low wattage electrical charges to induce involuntary muscle contractions that cause a subject to be temporarily incapacitated. The weapon system is designed to fire two probes, or darts, that are attached to insulated wires. When the probes make contact with a person, the Taser will produce 50,000 volts of electricity, but only .0021 amps. According to Taser International, Inc. â€Å"it is not the volts that are dangerous it is the amps.† Volts are simply the rate the electricity is moving, but amps are the measure of current in the electricity. Taser International (2006) In 1993, two brothers, Rick and Tom Smith along, with Taser inventor Jack Cover, began working together on a non-lethal self-defense device. In 1994, they developed a non-firearm version of the Taser. This original Taser was known as a â€Å"stun† system, which used electricity to jam the central nervous system with electrical noise. This system used approximately five to fifteen watts of power and was more of a pain compliance device rather than overriding the central nervous system. Two serious issues occurred with these â€Å"stun† systems: The officer had to be up close to make contact with the subject; and since it was a pain compliance device... ... Batons also tear skin, break bones and require officers to get up close to subjects to apprehend them. The Taser has a more effective rate than other less lethal options with less chance of injury to all involved. References Amnesty International (2007) Amnesty International. (2007). USA: Amnesty International's concerns about Taser use: Statement to the US Justice Department inquiry into deaths in custody. doi:AMR 51/151/2007 Taser International (2006). Instructor Certification Lesson Plan (Version 13.0 ed., Rev.). Scottsdale, Arizona: Taser International. Vilke, G. M., Sloane, C., Levin, S., Neuman, T., Castillo, E., & Chan, Tc. (2008, January). Twelve-lead electrocardiogram monitoring of subjects before and after voluntary exposure to the Taser X26. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18082773?dopt=Citation Taser International (2006)

Leadership Qualities Essay

Bernard Bass considers the combination of transformational and transactional leadership as the ideal leadership. Transformational leadership adopts aspects of transactional leadership too, depending on situations, to make it more effective. Thus transformational leadership also uses ‘transaction’ as a vital and effective skill. The effectiveness of the transformational skills is thus improved, without replacing it. When transformational leaders see dead end while trying to gain an agreement from followers, through value emphasis; they take to transactional styles. A transformational leader facing a win-lose situation would convert it to a win-win situation using transactional methods. According to Bass, transactional styles broadly form the basis of most leaders, when it comes to encountering followers. Leaders use the best style of leadership according to the situation, they find themselves. Bass warns against the adoption of pseudo transformational leadership qualities. Here leaders project a particular image of themselves and on the contrary do something else. They support something publicly while opposing it in private. They resort to various ways for pursuing their personal agenda by either imposing if possible or delaying it, if not possible. They would initiate projects, which they are against and delay its execution such that it is not realized. Bass warns that the pseudo transformational leadership qualities are very destructive and should be avoided. I would like to adopt the transformational leadership, as it is associated with values, and is more likely to produce required results, in the long run. Transformational leadership promotes equality, justice and human rights through loyalty and fairness. The leader’s moral obligations are rooted on a broader base of individuals within the organization, cultural beliefs and the social norms. The followers and leaders involved in the transformational leadership raise the levels of mutual motivation among themselves. This is because the leader attributes due recognition and importance to the perspectives put forth by his subordinates. The subordinates become more aware of the surroundings and the effect of action on the surroundings. Under transformational leadership a new aspect of employment relationship is developed in which employers feel the need for a mutual understanding of each other’s expectations, with their employees. Employees exhibit greater confidence and enthusiasm under transformational leadership as their skills and job knowledge are more sought and heard. Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration are the main aspects of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders are more capable to handle even technical aspects of work than transactional leaders. Recent findings suggest that team performance and communication are improved under transformational leadership. Success of transformational leadership has been observed in various establishments, irrespective of culture and geography. The link between transformational leadership and leader effectiveness is weak among people with cultural values, compared to this link in people without cultural values. Transformational leaders have the strength to improve the performance of organizations beyond expectations and is seen to be the answer to today’s world of organizational instability and uncertainty. As transformational leaders shape social and institutional cultures, organizational transformation must be associated with moral responsibility. I feel that one should appropriately incorporate ideas of transformational and transactional leadership into their personal and professional lives. I should strive to achieve concurrence of opinion through logic, reasoning and judgment. However, when these seem to be failing to get the desired results, I would adopt transactional methods, throwing up harsh decisions and difficult options. The apt leadership type needs to be selected depending on the people to be encountered and also according to the confronting situations. With uncooperative people adopting transactional styles would most likely bring the desired results at the earliest. When situations arise for which I find it difficult to take a decision, either at office or at home, I encourage all relevant people to discuss, and contribute to decision making, in pure transformational style. REFERENCES Homrig M.A., (2001) Transformational Leadership [Electronically Retrieved]. Downloaded on 6th July, 2008 from http://leadership.au.af.mil/documents/homrig.htm

The Art and Science of Creating a Monster

Albert Einstein, one of the greatest scientists in the world, believes that there is one question human beings must answer in order to truly understand the implications of existence itself: Is the Universe friendly?   In the vast body of thought both ancient and modern, the answers to this question are numerous and mostly contradictory.   In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the narrators uniformly answer this question in the negative.   In spite of their disparate stations in life, each storyteller feels separated from his fellows in some way, physically, intellectually, and geographically.   Society does not ease the condition of such lost souls because it is so quick to ostracize and dismiss anyone that departs from its grand ideals of what is acceptable (Williams, 1).Most artists, scientists, philosophers, and explorers are not celebrated until several centuries after death, if then.   Human beings are extremely social creatures.   In order to function well, people need to feel as though they are a part of something bigger than themselves, that they share a similar path to those around them.   Though he was denied the decency of others, the creature had only one wish; to have a companion made for him.   If he never encountered another living being except for her, he would have been contented in the spirit that there was someone in existence that could relate to him.   Victor Frankenstein, brilliant scientist extraordinaire literally sold his soul for godhood.At the end of his story, he shares the same fate of his creature: friendless and alone with only strangers to ease his passage into death.   In a sense, one could conceivably argue that Victor suffered just as much as the creature because he had his whole world taken from him—his little brother, best friend and his wife.   In the end, he becomes as wretched as the creature without soul or companionship and perished among strangers.   For one who has known genuine happine ss, life’s tragic moments become even more painful.Robert Walton, the sailor that tells the story of Frankinstein and his creature is equally marginalized.   He is without friends because his aspirations were lofty and his education limited.  Ã‚   When one leaves the path of the establishment to explore new and sometimes frightening realms, or departs from the norms expected for one’s gender, race, or intellectual achievements:   society exacts punishment by banishing him to the fringes.The creature is the most obviously reviled being in the story.   On a dark and stormy November night, he awakes to Victor’s horrified screeches.   His physical appearance produces instant disgust in everyone he meets, including his â€Å"father† and creator.   During the Romantic Era and in Gothic literature, physiognomy was a way to determine a person’s character and inclinations (McLaren, 40).   Elizabeth was thought to be an angel because of her bea utiful golden hair and fair countenance, while people assumed the creature was morally degenerate because of his ugly appearance.The creature had the sallow skin of a dead thing, he was extremely tall, strong, and bright, yet he was very malformed.   In the eighteenth century, ugliness and deviance were heavily correlated.   In many of the stories of the time, the hero and heroine were extremely good looking, virtuous, and talented in some special way.   In contrast, the villain was ugly, amoral, violent, and without conscience.   Even if there were a great degree of credence to this, it would seem that the violence toward others is simply a villain’s expression of loathing both self and society.â€Å"This violent response to his own oppression shares the same elements of many of the post-WWII protest novels.   Protest novels often delineate a relationship between the mainstream dominant society and the â€Å"Other,† a character designated for his/her margin alization and oppression within that society†(Scott).   Before departing to the wastelands of the North to end his miserable existence, the monster gives an accounting to himself to Walton, even though he believes that it would not move the sailor to sympathize with his plight.Little does the creature know that his confessor had lived without a friend or companion.   Had things turned out differently, maybe Walton and the creature might have become friends because both were alone in the world.   The creature’s story is very reminiscent of the tragic poor, malformed vagabonds living on the fringes of society, exposed to only the worst traits and abuses of   other human beings.   As a living creature, the monster wanted to be shown decency, compassion, gentleness and even love and he was denied at every turn.   He hated himself and the world and turned his grief and rage into a force of darkness that would avenge itself on everything and everyone his creator h olds dear.â€Å"I desired love and fellowship, and I was still spurned. Was there no injustice in this? Am I thought to be only the criminal, when all humankind sinned against me?†(Shelley, 210).  Ã‚   While some literary critics believe that the monster represents the depravity that lies dormant in all human beings until pushed to the breaking point (Scott), others have determined that he is instead, a voice of social justice.   When external conditions become so unbearable that it takes every ounce of effort to simply survive, this experience justifies any act of rebellion against the social order (Knoepflmacher & Lewis, 165).  Ã‚   To the creature, Victor Frankenstein represented the malignancy and callous disregard for life he encountered in his life experience.   When his last chance for a companion was destroyed in his creator’s ultimate breach of trust, he made it his life’s mission to destroy everything his creator loved without assuming personal responsibility for his death.Victor Frankenstein, not content with pursuing a normal career in medicine, aspires to godhood.   Because of his hubris, he loses everything he holds dear in his life and dies alone in an arctic desert.   Unlike his unfortunate creation, he represents the very establishment from which his ambitions set him apart.   His childhood was normal in an idealized sort of way.   His parents lavished tons of attention on him and he never had a moment of feeling unloved, neglected, or spurned by other people.   Growing up in Geneva, his life was extremely sheltered, and the people in his life were good and beautiful.   His aversion to ugliness is one of his most pronounced character traits.When he enrolls in University, he immediately judges the character of his professors based on their physical appearances, â€Å"I found even in M. Krempe a great deal of sound and sense and real information, combined, it is true, with a repulsive physiognomy and man ners.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In M. Waldman I found a true friend.   His gentleness was never tinged by dogmatism and his instructions were given with an air of frankness and good nature that banished every idea pedantry†(Shelley, 49).This passage makes Frankenstein appear shocked that M. Krempe would have anything of value to offer him because of his unattractive appearance.   Another despicable character trait is Victor’s inability to take responsibility for his actions.   Once the creature wakes up, he rushes from the room (Shelley, 57).   Later, he allows an innocent woman—the family maid he grew up with no less—to be executed for a crime she never committed to hide the existence of his creature (Shelley, 84).Robert Walton, not content to explore the vast inhabited regions of earth, braves the cold and ice to look for a northern route to the Pacific Ocean.   He wants to â€Å"boldly go where no man had gone before† to paraphrase Star Trek.   How ever, all he found was an endless wasteland that did not deliver the passage he had sought.   Though he merely serves as the recipient of Frankenstein’s story, he has no one in the world except his sister.   In this sense, he identifies with the creature’s feelings of loneliness.   In his second letter he tells his sister, â€Å"But I have one want which I have never yet been able to satisfy, and the absence of the object of which I now feel as a most severe evil.I have no friend, Margaret: when I am glowing with the enthusiasm of success, there will be none to participate in my joy; if I am assailed by disappointment, no one will endeavour to sustain me in dejection†(Shelley, 18).   While he is normal physically, his educational background sets him apart from others.   He is self-taught, and his curriculum included books of voyages and fantastic adventures, and the poets he had become familiar with were British.   Later, he laments that he is  "more illiterate than many schoolboys of fifteen†(Shelley, 19).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Still, he could not help feeling a little pity for the creature’s ordeal since part of it resembled his own, â€Å"Once my fancy was soothed with dreams of virtue, of fame, and of enjoyment.Once I falsely hoped to meet with beings who, pardoning my outward form, would love me for the excellent qualities which I was capable of unfolding.   I was nourished with high thoughts of honor and devotion.   But now crime has degraded me beneath the meanest animal†(Shelley, 209).   In that last desperate section following Frankenstein’s death, we realize that had Frankenstein not treated his creature so ill, he could have become a reliable companion, loyal friend, and confidant†¦the very thing Walton had become to Frankenstein when he was cold, alone, and starving.   Even as two wealthy white European men, Walton and Frankenstein failed to flourish in a society that was uniquely designed for them.While the two men and the monster keenly felt their separation from others, the women are practically non-characters.   Even though a woman that inhabited the extremely liberal artistic scene of the Enlightenment Era wrote the story, all the female characters assumed no importance of their own in a truly strong and heroic sense outside of their impact on Victor’s life.   They were objects, not subjects.   Even the monster was able to express himself as a subject, while the women served as props. Still, there was much about them that would potentially interest a reader if the characters were explored in greater depth.   Frankenstein’s mother was a philanthropist who visited poor families and attempted to ease their lot in life.Elizabeth was very passionate in the defense of Justine when she was falsely accused of murder (Shelley, 81).   As an orphan raised by peasants and adopted into a wealthy family, her character’s death would have been much more dramatic and poignant had she been flushed out more.   While Shelley achieved much as a writer, she did not want to encourage women to become more assertive, and none of the female characters (other than Walton’s sister) survived until the end of the book.One account states that Shelley believes women must behave differently from men (Schoene-Harwood, 42).  Ã‚   During the Romantic Era, men were the heroes, the creators, the actors in public life and the centerpiece of home life.   Women were the passive observers, and sometimes creators of brilliant artistic works.   Otherwise, the rest of the world belonged to men.Times have certainly changed, but not as much as people think.   Global travel exposes people to different cultures, ideals, and mores.   In the field of social psychology, the most successful societies assimilate outsiders rather than marginalize them.   To maximize the likelihood of maintaining a peaceful civilization, the newcomers must adapt the mores, values, and language of the dominant culture and the institutions must be able to accommodate the tansition.   When a population is exiled to the fringes, it would possibly create a volatile situation of accelerating tensions between the marginalized group and the dominant group to the point where the people on the fringe begin to attack the establishment in ways both subtle and explosive (Simon, 141-146).In American history, immigrants were looked down upon and many laws were passed to keep them out.   Eventually, groups of immigrants had begun forming their own communities, keeping the spirit of their home culture alive in a country that neither wanted nor welcomed them.   With the growth of these communities, people no longer have the need nor desire to learn the dominant language.   On a whole, people in the West are gradually becoming more tolerant toward alternative lifestyles, minority groups, and religious preferences, but the bias and prejudice against people not gifted with physical beauty is the final socially acceptable prejudice to hold. Women in the Western World had finally been granted the right to vote; even so, a woman’s value is still vested in her looks and ability to become a wife and mother.Until a woman’s choice to attain worldly power is respected, they will never achieve the same level of equality that men assume.   Shelley’s women were faithful in their duties of domestics, artists, and lovers, but like many women of the time; were not allowed to express the hidden passion they were forced to repress.   Even in our own society, marginalizing others is still par for the course.   In the US, a strict racial hierarchy is still perpetuated even though the apartheid was legally dissolved in the 1960’s.   There is a great disparity between the races when looking at factors such as life expectancy, disease profiles, and income.Progress toward a better world is often slow and a lways painful.   In order to maintain social stability, people did not evolve the ability to accept sweeping changes on all levels.   Appearance in the twenty-first century will become an even greater obsession than it was in the past.   With superior technology to alter, enlarge, or diminish undesirable characteristics, beauty will quickly become associated with social class and personal value.   When Elizabeth was adopted, Frankenstein’s mother believed that she was a higher order of being by virtue of her physical appearance, â€Å"a being heaven-sent, and bearing a celestial stamp in all her features† (Shelley, 34).Victor Frankenstein’s monster was a different order of being himself, he was purely logical, empathetic, and selfless, but he was hideously ugly.   Eventually, through repeated rejection, brutal treatment, and several attempts on his life, he was trained to mold his character to match his looks.   To those living on the fringes, the un iverse is an extremely unfriendly place indeed.Works CitedCaldwell, Janis McLaren. Literature and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain: From Mary Shelley to George Elliot. Cambridge University Press, 2004Knoepflmacher, Ulrich Camillus & George Lewis. The Endurance of Frankenstein.   University of California Press: 1979Schoene-Harwood, Berthold. Frankenstein: Essays, Articles, Reviews. Columbia University Press: 2000Scott, Cynthia C. â€Å"The Other: Race, Rage, Violence and the Protest Novel in M. Shelley's Frankenstein†. The People’s Media Company. 3 Mar. 2007 ;http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/28245/the_other_race_rage_violence_and_the.html;Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Signet Classic, 1965Simon, Bernd. Identity in Modern Society: A Social Psychological Perspective.   Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2004Williams, Kipling D. The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, ; Bullying. New York: Psychology Press, 2005

7 Top Tips for International Students

If you’re an International Student, then you know that studying abroad isn’t one big holiday. It can be daunting to move away from your friends and family, and sometimes your language! It can be a culture shock moving to another place, but at the same time an amazing experience. Here are 7 essential tips that might help some of you during the unique and exciting experience of being an international student: 1. Learn the language. You’d think that going from one English speaking country to another meant no language barrier, rightWrong! The more you can speak like a local the more you’ll blend in and the easier university work will be – even if it’s the same language. Additionally, many international students who do not speak English as a first language can really struggle when it comes to writing their essays in English. If you feel like you need help or support making sure your English is correct, then our site Proofreading Services can help.2. Explore!Not only is walking great exercise for mind and body but it is also one of the best ways to learn about your new environment. Stay safe and find a walking partner if you can. Walk from your campus to the city centre and back again. Take in every sight, sound and smell. 3. Ask visitors to bring a taste of home when they come to see you. Make sure that when family & friends came to visit they bring all the foods and things that you’ve been missing – you might be surprised to find that the taste of a familiar food will help hugely if you feel homesick. 4. Being a foreigner will make you unique. Your classmates will be interested in how you grew up, where you’ve been and even learning your language. Make the most of standing out by offering a unique perspective and fresh outlook. 5. Make friends with your classmates Living in a new country can be lonely. Fortunately, international students have it easy when it comes to making friends as there are instant buddies to be made right there in the lecture room. Turn around, smile, introduce yourself and say where you’re from. That’s all it takes to build lifelong friendships. 6. Take a lot of photos. Memories are great. But images capture a moment so it can be relived forever. Even better, add a soundtrack made up of local hits so you can smile every time THAT song comes on. 7. Be fearless. You’ve not travelled all that way to hide in a corner! Make the most of every single second. You may have family and friends who can’t wait to hear about your adventures; give them something to really be proud of you about. It’s not always easy to be brave, however, so if you feel like you need some support then please contact our site – we are here to help!